How to Build a 1st-World Country (in 12 easy steps)

How do you turn a 3rd-world developing nation into a 1st-world developed nation? It actually isn’t that hard. In fact, it is so simple it can be explained in a blog-length essay. You need twelve conditions. I call them the Developing Dirty Dozen:

1. Property rights.
2. The rule of law.
3. Economic stability through a secure and trustworthy banking and monetary system.
4. A reliable infrastructure and the freedom to move about the country.
5. Freedom of speech and the press.
6. Freedom of association.
7. Mass education.
8. Protection of civil liberties.
9. A robust military for protection of liberties from attacks by other states.
10. A potent police force for protection of freedoms from attacks by other people within the state.
11. A viable legislative system for establishing fair and just laws.
12. An effective judicial system for the equitable enforcement of those fair and just laws.

Of course, we should remember what the sage pop philosopher Yogi Berra once said: “In theory, there is no difference between theory and practice. In practice there is.” Let’s call this Yogi’s Maxim. In theory, just implement the Developing Dirty Dozen. In practice, this might not be so easy. I recommend starting with just the first one: property rights. And the playbook on how to do so is already written: Prosperity Unbound: Building Property Markets with Trust (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) by former World Bank economist Elena Panaritis, now working with developing nations around the world to build trust through property rights.

Panaritis explains how to change informal property into formal property, illiquid property into liquid property, and un-real estate into real estate. Presto-chango. It’s like magic. Property = Prosperity. Call it Panaritis’s Panacea.

Pioneered with pilot programs in Peru, Panaritis explains how to make property real and investments secure through property rights enforced through law. Unfortunately, there are plenty of other places to test this theory: about 70% of the world’s population, or about 4 billion people, are sitting on roughly $9 trillion in illiquid property. By “illiquid,” Panaritis means that the property can be lost or taken away without compensation, and it has little to no value as an investment tool outside of immediate bartering for goods and services needed at the moment.

Panaritis makes a distinction between “the haves and the have-nots,” but not as the phrase is customarily employed. What she means is those who have property rights and the security of their finances and investments, and those who do not. This difference is what, in the long run, creates a wealth or income disparity.

By “un-real estate,” Panaritis means that even if there is property you can see, if it is illiquid it means that you cannot use it to secure investments in your future, and thus you have no secure future and so your real estate is unreal. A houseboat on a river Southeast Asia is the epitome of informal property: just a family on a boat floating on a river, so precarious that it likely won’t last a single generation. How do you build a future on such an unstable foundation?

The lack of formal property rights leads to numerous economic distortions: distorted valuations up and down, distressed property markets, illiquidity of savings, limited labor mobility, weak capital markets, and limited investment in infrastructure such as utilities, energy, and telecommunications. In Ecuador, for example, having passed through the country many times on my way to the Galapagos Islands, I noted that Ecuadorians largely skipped the land-line stage on the way to cell phones. Establishing a land-line telephone infrastructure was the responsibility of the government, which they did with their usual corrupt ineptitude, leading the developing free market of cell phone technology to sweep in and displace the old with the new almost overnight. Fortunately, the Ecuadorian government was prescient enough to secure the property rights of cell phone carriers in their country, and a cell phone as property can fit in your pocket!

Without property rights, in addition to economic distortions there are social distortions: enduring inequalities, violence, corruption, criminality, child labor, and social discontent, especially among women and minorities, who have the least control of their property. As well, there are environmental distortions such as land quality degradation and poor waste management.

The solution? Simple: transform property from illiquid to liquid, or from un-real estate to real estate. Property = Prosperity. Panaritis’s Panacea. Case in point: In Peru, Panaritis worked with a woman named Margarita, a seamstress whose labor was valued in 1990 at $80/month, but who is today worth thousands of dollars a month. How did this happen? Untangling property rights and removing the bureaucratic red tape that it takes to own your own business, by reducing the number of government agencies from 14 to 2, by reducing the time it takes to obtain a license to own your own business from 7 years to 2 days, and the cost from $7,000 to $14! Now that is change we can believe in!

Can it work anywhere? Of course, as Panaritis explains:

The problem of “unreal estate” is global, but its solution local, and it can lead to unbound prosperity. The approach worked in Peru and it can be repeated elsewhere. Done right, institutional reform of property rights can reduce risk, ambiguity, costs of transactions and create new possibilities for those who hold assets informally by turning them liquid. In such cases, immovable property that once had little formal exchange value is transformed to a marketable asset. What seemed “unreal” becomes real.

Basically, once you have set up a system of establishing property rights, a rule of law to enforce those rights, and a judicial system to settle property rights disputes, everything else will fall into place and prosperity will prosper (with the caveat, of course, of remembering Yogi’s Maxim). This is, in practice, what David Hume meant in principle: “Any person ought to have the right to enjoy the fruits of his own work.”